Calculator apparatus



18 Sheets-Sheet l Filed Oct. '7, 1963 JUY w67 T. J. scUlTTo $336,946

CALCULATOR APPARATUS Filed Oct. '7, 1963 18 Sheets-Sheet 2 Dxew men-TUAE Tik/1 SPACE an an" Bw Em sPAcEsPAcsPAcE sPAc MOVEMENT lol lzlsi' "I9|\o|\\|ol" u CL ii Tm@ V@ MQ Y- #-4 ENT Acc;

T -wo mi Ru v R2 THOMAS J 56u/ WO Z3?" .5' INVENTOR JM 4 BY O Q l? ATTORNEXS .uy l, i967 T. .1. scUlTTO CALCULATOR APPARATUS 18 Sheets-Sheet3 Filed Oct. 7, 1965 THOMAs J. SCU/'ITO INVENTOR BY M Dzc/ Und DJM

O NU w l5 ,ma U

OJO

l Sheets-Sheet 4 @u AM;

Two/m5 J Sca/7T@ T. J. SCUETTO CALCULATOR APPARATUS my n, w67

Filed OCC. 7 1963 Juy l1, w67 T. J. scUlTTo CALCULATOR APPARATUS 18Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed Oct.

July 11, i967 T. J. scUlTTo 3,330,945

CALCULATOR APPARATUS Filed Oct. '7, 1965 18 Sheets-Sheet 6 o 4.50 Y W K0 E wuom w m v. AWO, J/.EPZMPQ C E mo/. NQ. S W 7W 1.6/ OJ HJI a ...u .MQE.. will.. M .m v1.0/ v O d: ON, M TJ/ 7 j sli. @mi 4 @/wx 6-9:. @A29523 @NE/252 @fm x mmrom W mw@ 15u30@ APZMPOQ Q www. I? P OO. xs o Na w7.00/ wll/ @HE/ 30o M396 .Mm/. o .Mw/l. vm. n O N. m, -O/ v -lo/ 1.../.FWMNH A MIVD( N0 l Nn @l Q w. n I/ l .AQ/MINT n N A vl/ v 7.1/ .m01AMO, +I: Wm t@ u m @Il W .Elli .E45 M d. o lf/ ...f/ Y@ QMCZSGU 4 OP OwOk @mz3 o 18 Sheets-Sheet 7 July 1967 T. J. scUlTTo CALCULATOR APPARATUSFiled Oct. '7, 1963 OWU OJU w E w mud wmohmwo@ July w57 T. J. scUlT-roCALCULATOR APPARATUS 18 Sheets-Sheet a Filed Oct.

X206 204 c: COUNTER y G 220 C COUNTER 222 C, COUNTER @D A COUNTERINVENTOR.

5 mw AM C ,m y? MH M T July i1, 1967 T. J. sculTTo CALCULATOR APPARATUS18 SheebS-Sheet 9 Filed OC.

ma vd ma m Q Oa :Q05 @Q July 11, 1967 T. J. SCUITTO 3,330,946

CALCULATOR APPARATUS Filed Oct. 7, 1963 18 Sheets-Sheet l0 @a ma Ta mama a Oa :QQQ @a wl la @a ma Va md Na a Oa :a Q a mi ma Q @Q ma Va ma maO Oa :n O OQ July 1i, 1967 T. J. scUlTTO 3,330,946

CALCULATOR APPARATUS Filed Oct. 7, 1963 18 Sheets-Sheet ll GcLoINVENTOR. THOMAS J. SCU] 77`O July 11, 1967 T. .1.sculTTo 3,339,946

CALCULATOR APPARATUS Filed Oct. 7, 1963 18 Sheets-Sheet l2 /Q/ RESET 1ATIA mA 1 9 21 1IIB ma 1B TTB V I ffy. 21H5/ STATE RESET (ooo) O4 To 1A5f 55 szsToD S+X A+X C+ 5+X ...4. A+X -a/o- C+X -o/n- ,4o RESET START@COUNTER I LO STATE TA Coon A+ IfgnZlfo) 50o i 50e @om 304 C, COUNTER A(E CO\NC\DENCE -v- (CHO 8 D COUNTER 1A STATE. IIA (O\O) To TDA sf55s2s,-oD-1 o EE500 52 5T@ 500 UA Q L s KDF-n O "-VTJ'IA E ^^O To m B\3} SpSzSl-ODEo HZI raf; INVENTOR THQ/MAS .f Sca/7T@ BYMLM July 11, 1967T J, SCUITTQ 3,330,946

CALCULATOR APPARATUS Filed Oct. '7, 1963 18 Sheets-Sheet l5 STATE 111A cu 50o EO 32o GCLO C COUNTER TO O5|=55525`OD SCOTT? 1 GET"I 2y. 21K e JSTATE IEB @nu L If-@56 53a. t zoe L Q Po :El I O :554 C COUNTER mE y EEEB soo l MO 55o MCOUNTER KDC@ T EB BIE CLG* LO h1-*AOD C 50o 50o@ Zig.21 f f'/ L 552 sTATE Namco) y 344 A COUNTER Soo M COUNTER EB E@ @i C 342Vac 55o 548 E @Cmqo` EB (++X) 'bl T (C+X) /1 |r 546 NT\ GCLQ COLE A v4@To TB `s`= ssagomo v j '50o '1 E@ lay-21C?) STATE 'IE (\O\) STATE EB CHOw l5\ SBSZST p9 OD Iii?. 21 L' INVENTOR.

THOMAS J. Sca/770 A Tro RNE YS July 1T, 1967 Tl J. SCUITTO CALCULATORAPPARATUS Filed Oct. 7, 1963 18 Sheets-Sheet 14 I1' 22 faz/ RESET TA ITATEA j me ma TE, ITB

STATE RESET (ooo) TNHTBTT TA RT RESET @COUNTER R LO :5T-ART l'- sTATE TAcool) 25:9 22/5) 402 @CLC 40o @COUNTER TA TD2: LO 1A D10 KP T.:

O 5 ,56 To TIA 52}= 55 52 s\ OD DEUMALPJG SEL O COTNETOENCE T 2O i5- DCOUNTER TAT'E TIA (OTOT To TUA s 5552 EVODTO 403 l J,- L; R L S Dlc S ET JA@ A To TB ,S 550w INVENTOR THOMAS/ Sca/77o Z1' .ZZKQ/J 3' BYMM7TO/2NEYS July 1l, 1967 T J, SCUlTTO 3,330,946

CALCULATOR APPARATUS Filed Oct. 7, 1963 18 Sheets-Sheet l5 STATEN/Amm)'y.22 re) A@ AO@ A :HLA- I Aca C COUNTER mA No OD To, HA 05x 55 52 5a ODMQJU 422 TATaEam) 13.22 ff) )Q HB w-PO AZO OD me, ...Gmo I F M COUNTERma H2 A COUNTER C A26 IIP: n @CLG EO \2o 28 Pot; N M\ A24 OD S @cui T@CLC o 2 AO XA@ 05H STATEIEZB non 2*;22 (y) Ec, 45o ACOUNTER N GGL@ TXO-*U To IE, 53525 -OD STATE 1B (ION C COUNTER A42` STATE IEB (no) if?.22 I INVENTOR THOMAS J. Scu/ 770 July l, 1987 T. J. scUlTTo CALCULATORAPPARATUS 18 Sheets-Sheet 16 Filed Oct.

EZB

THB

RESET D o 5I 2 co s R I N 5I U A Tl E n LA m w C COU NTER July l, 1967-T. J. SCUITTO 3,330,946

CALCULATOR APPARATUS Filed Oct. 7, 1965 18 Sheets-Sheet 17 LTA1-E l@loo) 2x8 Abe 559 A COUNTER 544 EO N54 O @CLE S 2 SA T waff: R WB KDC, Lo

T A K Tg STATE 'IB (\O\) GQLQ 56A f5 206 c COUNTER tI O :.D K Dc, L PC f556 @am 550 21a O 562 LOM) A 4 C t n 554V 552 1E, KDC 565 ^^1 D3 Y j T56| v D 572 IB RESET L C O @@CDA COUNTER la T574 AO 568 l LO-l S wf 570@Sl To m3 2} 555`0DEC if?. 25 fj o %TATE ME (no) la A COUNTER 58o lo eTu @CLG 584 /CV,\L O E To me, 5 55 s2 s- OD GPCLE.

INVENTOR. THOMAS J SCU/TTG BYWA @JLM PM Juy, 967 T. J. scUlTToCALCULATOR APPARATUS Filed Oct.

18 Sheets-Sheet la United States Patent C) 3,330,946 CALCULATGRAPPARATUS Thomas J. Scuiito, Malibu, Calif., assigner to WyleLaboratories, El Segundo, Calif., a corporation of California Filed Oct.7, 1963, Ser. No. 3l4,387 Claims. (Cl. 235-160) This invention relatesgenerally to calculating apparat-us and more particularly to anelectronic desk type calculator for performing arithmetic operations.

Presently available calculating machines are all of theelectromechanical type in which decimal digits are stored in terms ofthe position of a physically movable element, as for example, a wheel ora rack. Each such element is capable of successively assuming adifferent one of ten possible positions in response to the successivedevelopment of a mechanical stimulus. Hence, each such element isconsidered a mechanical decade counter. Within the conventionalcalculator, sets of elements comprising registers, are provided to storemultidigit numbers. For example, in order to store a ten digit decimalnumber, a register comprised of ten decade counters has to be providedwith a different register being necessary for each of the multidigitnumbers to be simultaneously stored. Of course, since in an arithmeticoperation such as division, a divisor, a dividend, and a quotient mustbe simultaneously stored, at least three reigsters must be provided. Inmore complex arithmetic operations or in a series of simpler operations,itis often necessary to handle additional numbers simultaneously. Ofcourse, additional registers could be provided for this purpose butbecause of the expense and expanse of such registers inelectromechanical calculators, such additional scratch pad registers arenot generally provided and the user must therefore often use pencil andpaper to keep track 'of such additional numbers. The introduction of thehuman element in this capacity tends to introduce errors incalculations.

Calculators are extremely useful and economically justiiied where it isnecessary to perform many relatively simple and different arithmeticoperations. For more oomplex data handling chores where speed issignificant or where the same arithmetic operation has to be performed avery great number of times, digital computers can be advantageouslyemployed. For example, presently available calculators are not usefulfor solving weather prediction problems because in order to be of anyvalue, the solution must be provided in a matter of hours and throughthe use of a calculator, might not be available for several weeks. Fromthe nature of what has been said thus far, it should be apparent thatthe use of a calculator is economically justified for a certain class ofproblems whereas a digital computer is justified for another certainclass of problem. Between these two certain classes of course, is a grayarea in which it is often not clear as to which type of apparatus shouldbe used in order to obtain the fastest solution at the lowest cost. Thechoice is complicated by the fact that even though the calculator isslower than the computer in actual processing time, a user is able todirectly operate the calculator to immediately obtain results whereasuse of a digital computer generally requires that the problem be givento a programmer for the purpose of translating it into acceptablemachine language.

In View of the above, it is an object of the present invention toprovide a calculator which operates considerably faster and which inaddition is more reliable and more accurate than heretofore knowncalculators. It is also an object of the present invention to provideice such a calculator which is of approximately the same cost asheretofore known calculators.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a calculatorcomprised principally of solid state electronic circuits which therebyassures silent operation and lightness in weight as distinguished fromthe relatively noisy operation and heaviness of heretofore knowncalculators.

It is `a still further object of the present invention to provide acalculator which economically incorporates scratch pad registers landthereby avoids requiring the user to make excessive pencil notations. Itis an additional object of the present invention t-o provide such acalculator which includes means for at all times displaying the contentsof the various registers.

Inasmuch as heretofore known calculators make use of a plurality ofdecade counters in each register, a keyboard is generally provided whichincludes a different set of nine keys (each counter is normally clearedto zero) for each counter for enabling a selected digit to be enteredinto each counter. It is an object of this invention to -provide acalculator which automatically positions digits in a register and whichtherefore requires the provision of only a single set of keys.

It is a still further object of this invention to provide a calculatorwhich is capable of performing arithmetic operations such asmultiplication, division, and square root without shifting decimalpoints so that the decimal point of an lobtained product, quotient, orroot is aligned with the decimal point of the generating factors. It isan additional object to provide means for allowing the decimal point tobe shifted to permit operations on whole or fractional numbers `or anycombination of partially whole and partially fractional numbers Inaccordance with the invention, the calculator provided herein includes asmall memory, preferably of the magnetic type such as a magnetic disc,and a display device, e.g., of the cathode ray tube type, together witha keyboard and logical electronic circuits. The disc is provided With aclock track and a plurality of register tracks each register trackincluding a plurality of digit sectors and being capable of storing amultidigit number. The position of a digit in a number is dependent uponthe particular digit sector in which it is stored and its value isrepresented by the number of magnetic pulses recorded in that sector.Digits are handled in a serial manner thus requiring the provision ofonly one decade counter instead of a number of such counters, equal tothe number of digits per multidight number used, as is required inheretofore known calculators.

Arithmetic operations are performed by the utilization of countingtechniques such that, e.g., two digits are added by counting the numberof pulses recorded in their corresponding digit sectors. Recording isaccomplished by enabling a gate to which a source of clock signals(derived from the disc clock track) is applied for a periodcorresponding to the value of the digit to be recorded. Writing on andreading from a specific digit sector on the disc is controlled by asignal representing coincidence between the count of a control counterand a counter indicating the disc position. The control counter iscapable of being manually set and is normally automatically incrementedor decremented in the course of performing arithmetic operations.

The disc memory is continually coupled to the display device such thatthe contents of all of the registers are always visibly available to theoperator thereby permitting him to easily check the accuracy of numbersentered, transferred, etc.

In addition to operating the calculator in a manual mode, means areprovided for preparing a record, such as on punch paper tape, which thecalculator, when operating in a playback mode, responds to just as ifthe sequence of key actuations recorded on the tape was being performedby a user. This facility makes it convenient for a user to initiatecomplex calculations requiring a great number of steps, as for example,in a series expansion.

The novel features that are considered characteristic of this inventionare set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The inventionitself both as to its organization and method yof operation, as Well asadditional objects and advantages thereof, will best be understood fromthe following description when read in connection with the accompanyingdrawings, in which:

FIGURE 1 is a block schematic diagram illustrating the keyboard andprincipal components of the calculator;

FIGURE 2 is a schematic diagram of the memory of FIGURE 1 specificallyillustrating the write in and read out means associated with each memorytrack;

FIGURE 3(a) is a block schematic diagram of the bit (B) counter ofFIGURE l and FIGURE 3(b) illustrates the gating means utilized to formthe illustrated timing signals based on the state -of the B counter;

FIGURE 4(a) is a block schematic diagram of the digit (D) counter ofFIGURE l and FIGURE 4(11) illustrates the gating means utilized to formthe illustrated timing signals based upon the state of the D counter;

FIGURE 5 is a block schematic diagram of the word (W) counter of FIGURE1;

FIGURE 6 is a block diagram illustrating the means `for deriving signalsrespectively representing coincidence between the D counter and thedecimal point selector of FIGURE 1 and the D counter and the control (C)counter of FIGURE 1;

FIGURE 7 is a block schematic diagram illustraitng both the Hip-flops,which are set in response to the selective actuation of the keys on thecalculator keyboard, and the cycle counter whose operation is initiatedin response to the setting of any of the flip-flops in the set offunction fiip-ops;

FIGURE 8 is a block schematic diagram of the R, M, and A decade countersof FIGURE 1 and the circuit interconnections therebetween;

FIGURE 9 is a block schematic diagram illustrating the portions of thecalculator apparatus .responsive to the actuation of the preset key forsetting the control (C) counter;

FIGURE 10 is a block schematic diagram illustrating the portions of thecalculator apparatus responsive to the actuation of one of the numerickeys for entering information into a selected one of the memoryregisters;

FIGURE l1 is a block schematic diagram illustrating the portions of thecalculator apparatus responsive to the 'actuation of the forward spacekey;

FIGURE 12 is a block schematic diagram illustrating the portions of thecalculator apparatus responsive to the actuation of the backspace key;

FIGURE 13 is a block schematic diagram illustrating the portions of thecalculator apparatus responsive to the actuation of the transfer key;

FIGURE 14(a) is a block diagram illustrating the portions of thecalculator apparatus responsive to the actuation of the add key andFIGURE 14(b) is a timing chart illustrating the add operation;

FIGURE 15 (a) is a block schematic diagram illustrating the portions ofthe calculator apparatus responsive to the actuation of the subtract keyand FIGURE 15(b) is a timing chart illustrating the subtractionoperation;

FIGURE 16 is a block schematic diagram illustrating the portions of thecalculator apparatus responsive to the actuation of the shift lef key;

FIGURE 17 is a block schematic diagram illustrating the portions of thecalculator apparatus responsive to the actuation of the shift righ key;

FIGURE 18 is a block schematic diagram illustrating the portions of thecalculator apparatus responsive to the actuation of the clearmultiplier-quotient (M) register key;

FIGURE 19 is a block schematic diagram illustrating the portions of thecalculator apparatus responsive to the clear entry (E) register key;

FIGURE 20 is a block schematic diagram illustrating the portions of thecalculator apparatus responsive to the actuation of the clearaccumulator (A) register key;

FIGURE 21(a) is a flow diagram illustrating the sequence of cycle (S)counter states utilized in the performance of multiplication and FIGURES2l(b)-() illustrate the portions of the calculator apparatus active ineach of these states;

FIGURE 22(a) is a iiow diagram illustrating the sequence of cycle (S)counter states utilized in the performance of division and FIGURES22(b)-() illustrate the portions of the calculator apparatus active ineach of these states;

FIGURE 23 (a) is a fiow diagram illustrating the sequence of cycle (S)counter states utilized in the performance of square root and FIGURES23(b)-(h) illustrate the portions of the calculator apparatus active ineach of these states; and

FIGURE 24 is a block diagram of means adapted to be incorporated withthe heretofore mentioned apparatus for operating the calculator in arecord mode in which mode a record is made of manual key actuations anda playback mode in which mode the calculator operates in response tosuch a record.

Attention is now called to FIGURE 1 of the drawings which comprises ablock schematic diagram of an embodiment of the calculator apparatus inaccordance with the present invention. The calculator apparatus includesa keyboard 10, a memory 12, a display device 14, and various otherelectronic circuits comprising logic, counter, and coincidence detectioncircuits.

The memory 12 is preferably of the movable magnetic media type, as forexample disc or drum, and is provided with a plurality of tracks asshown in greater detail in FIGURE 2. The plurality of tracks includes aclock track, a delay track, and a plurality of register tracksrespectively identified as the multiplier-quotient (M) register, theentry (E) register, the accumulator (A) register, and three reserve orscratch pad registers R1, R2, and R3. Each of the register tracksincludes 28 digit sectors followed by a gap. Each of the digit sectorsincludes 9 bit positions and 3 space positions.

A magnetically recognizable mark or pulse is recorded in each of the bitand space positions of the clock track and is capable of being sensed bya head coupled to the input of clock track output amplifier C10.

Aligned with the output amplifier C10 head are heads coupled to outputamplifiers M0, EU, A0, R10, R20, `and R30 which are each respectivelyassociated with the M, E, A, R1, R2, and R3 registers. Positioned so asto follow these output amplifier heads by one digit sector (note thatthe direction of disc movement is from left to right and therefore aspecific disc area initially passes under a head positioned to the leftand subsequently passes under a head positioned to the right) are headsassociated with input amplifiers MI, EI, AI, R11, R21, and R31.

Aligned with the output amplifier heads is a delay track head coupled toinput amplifier DI. Following the input amplifier DI head by two digitsectors is the head of an output amplifier D0.

Information is stored in the memory in accordance with an incrementaldigital code. That is, for the digit 9, nine pulses (one pulse in eachbit position of a digit sector) will -be recorded on a track digitsector. For the number 932, nine pulses will be recorded in the hun-

1. A CALCULATOR APPARATUS COMPRISING: A MEMORY HAVING A PLURALITY OFNUMBER STORAGE REGISTERS, EACH NUMBER STORAGE REGISTER INCLUDING APLURALITY OF DIGIT STORAGE LOCATIONS, EACH DIGIT STORAGE LOCATIONINCLUDING A PLURALITY OF BIT STORAGE POSITIONS; SOURCE MEANSPERIODICALLY PROVIDING A CLOCK PULSE; READOUT MEANS FOR READING FROMEACH OF SAID NUMBER STORAGE REGISTERS; WRITE IN MEANS FOR WRITING INTOEACH OF SAID NUMBER STORAGE REGISTERS; A KEYBOARD INCLUDING A PLURALITYOF REGISTER KEYS, A PLURALITY OF NUMERIC KEYS, AND A PLURALITY OFFUNCTION KEYS; A COUNTER; MEANS RESPONSIVE TO THE ACTUATION OF EACH OFSAID NUMERIC KEYS FOR ENTERING A DIFFERENT DIGIT INTO SAID COUNTER;MEANS FOR CONNECTING SAID SOURCE MEANS TO SAID COUNTER FOR DECREMENTINGSAID COUNTER IN RESPONSE TO EACH OF SAID PROVIDED CLOCK PULSES; A GATE;MEANS FOR CONNECTING SAID SOURCE MEANS AND SAID COUNTER TO SAID GATE FORCAUSING SAID GATE TO DEVELOP OUTPUT PULSES IN SYNCHRONISM WITH EACH OFSAID CLOCK PULSES FOR SO LONG AS SAID COUNTER IS IN A NON-ZERO STATE;MEANS FOR IDENTIFYING ONE OF SAID DIGIT STORAGE LOCATIONS; MEANSRESPONSIVE TO THE ACTUATION OF EACH OF SAID REGISTER KEYS FOR COUPLINGSAID GATE TO SAID WRITE IN MEANS FOR RECORDING SAID OUTPUT PULSES INSAID IDENTIFIED DIGIT STORAGE LOCATION WITH EACH OF SAID OUTPUT PULSESBEING RECORDED IN A DIFFERENT ONE OF SAID BIT STORAGE POSITIONS; ANDMEANS RESPONSIVE TO THE SELECTIVE ACTUATION OF EACH OF SAID FUNCTIONKEYS FOR PERFORMING SELECTED OPERATIONS WITH RESPECT TO THE NUMBERSSTORED IN SAID REGISTERS.